Images in psychiatry : German speaking countries Austria, Germany, Switzerland Mitwirkende: Wolpert, Eugen M., [Hrsg.]; World Psychiatric Association Verantwort.angabe: [World Psychiatric Association]. Ed. by Eugen M. Wolpert ... Ort/Verlag: Heidelberg : Winter "Universitätsverlag WINTER Heidelberg" Erscheinungsjahr: 2006 Umfang/Illustr.: VIII, 605 S. : Ill., graph. Darst. Sprache: Englisch ISBN 3-8253-1670-X 19 Werner Beck, Ernst Ulricht Vorbach, Eugen Manfred Wolpert: Medieval Psychaitric Nosology and Care in German Speaking Countries 20 "Prominent medico-historians hold the opinion, that there was rather a still-stand [sic] of european [sic] psychiatry if not a retrogression in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Ackerknecht, E. H. 1957; Adam, H. A., 1928; Alexander/Selesnick; Baer, R. 1957; Gurjewitsch, A., 1997; Kieckhefer, Richard, 1992). In this aeara psychiatric aetiological theories oscillated between two poles: between a more-chemico-alchemistical and a more or less supernatural pole (Klibarsky, R. 1990; Kirchhoff, Th., 1912; Müller, Ch., 1998; Pauleikoff, B. 1987; Roback, A. A., 1970)" ... Dark Ages, Renaissance ... 34 "[Paracelsus] was the greatest doctor of his time and far ahead of it in Europe. He distinguishes between obsession and mental disease. However, in his 'philosophia magna' (1529 - 1532) he sticks to the common Christian anthropology in the interpretation of 'obsessi' as of those possessed by the devil, whereas he in the seventh book 'Arznei' with the title 'De morbis amentium' (about the diseases that rob the senses) dismisses the view that all illness is caused by 'incorporated creatures' or diabolic ghosts" "abandoned the classical Trias (mania, melancholia, phrenitis) and istinguished as mental diseases epilepsy, mania, 'wahrhafte Unsinnigkeit' (veritable foolishness), Saint Veitstanz, Suffocatio intellectus (hysteria), he described five sorts of epilepsy which he assigned to respective organs (the brain, liver, heart, bowels and extremities). ..." "According to Paracelsus veritable madness or foolishness was associated with the stars, he distinguished the 'Lunatici (lunatics), Vesani, Melancholici and Obsessi'. The Obsessi were the ones possessed by the devil, by the others he saw the influence of the moon and the stars or eating stale or poisoned food as being the cause of illness. But certainly his main contribution to medicine remains the introduction of chemical thought. The body appears to him as an alchemists [sic] kitchen, in which the fumes rise causing mental disease." REF KAHLBAUM 294 Meynert ao Prof 1870, Primar 2. psych. Klinik 1875; Freud besucht seine Vorlesung 1877/78 298 "Zwischen Mann und Weib besteht der Geschlechtsunterschied nicht im Gehirne, sondern in den äußeren Geschlechtsorganen. Andere Unterschiede sind Unterschiede der Geschlechter nicht Geschlechtsunterschiede. Nachahmung und Erziehung entwickeln alle weiteren Folgen in der Lebensverhaltung der Geschechter" (quoted after Moll, 1897): Meynert 1891; (in Bezug auf Freuds Zugang zu Homosexualität, die besagt, dass Heteros. durch beobachtung erlernt wird und Homos. durch subtil andere Beobachtungen sozialisiert werden kann, sowie dass Meynert ähnliches bereits um 1890 formuliert hatte) 299 Moll kritisiert, dass dieser Standpunkt sex. Orientierung außerhalb der des Geschlechts stellt, diese quasi zufällig macht, und dieses Argument gegen die Existenz einer "angeborenen konträren Geschlechtsempfindung" spreche und damit auch gegen einen angeborenen Sexualtrieb bei Heterosexuellen, ein Punkt, der nahe dem Freuds in späteren Zeiten war 509 H. Häfner, M. Lambrecht, W. Löffler, P. Munk-Jørgensen, A. Riecher-Rössler (Mannheim/Aarhus): 9.2 Is schizophrenia a disorder of all ages? An up to date example of German psychopathological research tradition in schizophrenia 510 Kraepelin 1896: dem. pr. as disorder of adol./early adulth. E. Bleuler 1911: similar illnesses after age 40, dubbed by his son M. Bleuler 1943: "late-onset paraphrenias" ongoing controv.: Roth & Morrissey 1952, Fish 1960, Grahame 1984, Holden 1987, Almeida et al. 1994 REF! Goldstein et al. 1990, Castle and Murray 1991: schiz. in late adulthood/old age, part. in women, are affective diseases merely presenting schiz. symptoms -> classification dependent on etiology 511 Russell 1994: comparisons not only between age groups, but also across the life cycle needed