384 "Kraepelin’s approach to the problem of definition and classification of
	psychiatric disorders was, essentially, a nosographic one, i.e., based on
	comprehensive clinical observations and naturalistic descriptions of a large
	number of individual cases. However, in contrast to earlier nosographers,
	Kraepelin was the first to apply explicitly and systematically a longitudinal,
385 lifetime approach to the description of individual illness, which resulted in
	‘a concrete living picture ... with the help of ordinary language and no con-
	ceptual elaboration’ (Jaspers, 1963). Kraepelin never issued a definitive list
	of diagnostic criteria for dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity,
	and was particularly careful to avoid claims about any ‘pathognomonic’
	symptoms. Considering the whole of the clinical picture, as well as the char-
	acteristics of the individual personality invaded by the illness, was the rule he
	taught his students (see the ‘Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry’ in Kraepelin,
	2002, Vol. 1)."

 [...] initial formulation of dementia praecox
	was fairly narrow, heavily weighted for features characterizing Hecker’s
	hebephrenia (Kraepelin, 2002, Vol. 2, based on the seventh German edition
	of Psychiatrie). The later version (Kraepelin, 2002, Vol. 5), translated into
	English from the eighth edition and published in 1919 under the title
	Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia, is considerably richer in descriptive
	detail and wider in scope, comprising nine quite different ‘clinical forms’,
	including several that today might be classified as schizoaffective or acute
	transient schizophrenia-like disorder. Therefore, the widely held notion that
	Kraepelin’s dementia praecox was a narrowly constrained, severe psychotic
	illness of an invariably poor outcome in a ‘defect state’ is only partially correct
	– insofar as it applies to the early version of the concept.